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The parsnip Pastinaca sativa is a root vegetable closely related to carrot and parsley ; all belong to the family Apiaceae. It is a biennial plant usually grown as an annual.

Its long, tuberous root has cream-colored skin and flesh, and, left in the ground to mature, it becomes sweeter in flavor after winter frosts.

In its first growing season, the plant has a rosette of pinnate , mid-green leaves. If unharvested, in its second growing season it produces a flowering stem topped by an umbel of small yellow flowers, later producing pale brown, flat, winged seeds.

By this time, the stem has become woody and the tuberous root inedible. The parsnip is native to Eurasia ; it has been used as a vegetable since antiquity and was cultivated by the Romans , although some confusion exists between parsnips and carrots in the literature of the time.

It was used as a sweetener before the arrival in Europe of cane sugar. The parsnip is usually cooked, but it can also be eaten raw.

It has a very sweet taste, like carrots. It is high in vitamins and minerals , especially potassium. It also contains antioxidants and both soluble and insoluble dietary fiber.

It should be cultivated in deep, stone-free soil. It is attacked by the carrot fly and other insect pests, as well as viruses and fungal diseases, of which canker is the most serious.

Handling the stems and foliage can cause a skin rash if the skin is exposed to sunlight after handling. The parsnip is a biennial plant with a rosette of roughly hairy leaves that have a pungent odor when crushed.

Parsnips are grown for their fleshy, edible, cream-colored taproots. The roots are generally smooth, although lateral roots sometimes form.

Most are cylindrical, but some cultivars have a more bulbous shape, which generally tends to be favored by food processors as it is more resistant to breakage.

The plant's apical meristem produces a rosette of pinnate leaves, each with several pairs of leaflets with toothed margins.

The lower leaves have short stems, the upper ones are stemless , and the terminal leaves have three lobes. The petioles are grooved and have sheathed bases.

It is hairy, grooved, hollow except at the nodes , and sparsely branched. The umbels and umbellets usually have no upper or lower bracts. The flowers have tiny sepals or lack them entirely, and measure about 3.

They consist of five yellow petals that are curled inward, five stamens , and one pistil. The fruits, or schizocarps , are oval and flat, with narrow wings and short, spreading styles.

Despite the slight morphological differences between the two, wild parsnip is the same taxon as the cultivated version, and the two readily cross-pollinate.

Like carrots, parsnips are native to Eurasia and have been eaten there since ancient times. Zohary and Hopf note that the archaeological evidence for the cultivation of the parsnip is "still rather limited", and that Greek and Roman literary sources are a major source about its early use.

In Europe, the vegetable was used as a source of sugar before cane and beet sugars were available. This plant was introduced to North America simultaneously by the French colonists in Canada and the British in the Thirteen Colonies for use as a root vegetable, but in the midth century, it was replaced as the main source of starch by the potato and consequently was less widely cultivated.

He back-crossed cultivated plants to wild stock, aiming to demonstrate how native plants could be improved by selective breeding. This experiment was so successful, 'Student' became the major variety in cultivation in the late 19th century.

Pastinaca sativa was first officially described by Carolus Linnaeus in his work Species Plantarum. Several species from other genera Anethum , Elaphoboscum , Peucedanum , Selinum are likewise synonymous with the name Pastinaca sativa.

Like most plants of agricultural importance, several subspecies and varieties of P. In Eurasia, some authorities distinguish between cultivated and wild versions of parsnips by using subspecies P.

In Europe, various subspecies have been named based on characteristics such as the hairiness of the leaves, the extent to which the stems are angled or rounded, and the size and shape of the terminal umbel.

Parsnips resemble carrots and can be used in similar ways, but they have a sweeter taste, especially when cooked.

When used in stews , soups , and casseroles , they give a rich flavor. Roast parsnip is considered an essential part of Christmas dinner in some parts of the English-speaking world and frequently features in the traditional Sunday roast.

They can be made into a wine with a taste similar to Madeira. In Roman times, parsnips were believed to be an aphrodisiac.

Instead, they are fed to pigs, particularly those bred to make Parma ham. A typical g parsnip contains 75 kcal kJ of energy. Since most of the vitamins and minerals are found close to the skin, many will be lost unless the root is finely peeled or cooked whole.

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